![]() ![]() For the Norwegian vowels /æ(:), ø(:), o(:), y(:), ʉ(:), e(:)/, Englund (2018) also found evidence for hypoarticulation in IDS compared to ADS, for example with more front articulation and less lip protrusion in IDS the lack of rounding was possibly attributable to mothers smiling to their infants when talking to them. (1997) have reported a more expanded vowel space in IDS than in ADS (for American English, Russian and Swedish), indicating hyperarticulation, while others have found a reduced vowel space ( Benders, 2013, for Dutch and Englund and Behne, 2006, for Norwegian), suggestive of hypoarticulation. Concerning segmental properties, they report fewer studies and the findings are more mixed, possibly due to differences between languages. They report that a large body of literature shows that prosodic modifications such as higher pitch, larger pitch variability, slower tempo and longer vowel duration are attested in IDS when compared to ADS across a wide range of languages ( Cristià, 2013). (2018) discuss acoustic properties of IDS, that is, speech to children younger than 24 months. On a phonological level, IDS and CDS are reported to be generally more exaggerated in their intonation with a higher pitch and wider pitch range, and are slower in tempo ( Cruttenden, 1994). Adults repeat their utterances more to 2-year-olds than to 10-year-olds ( Snow, 1972), place key words at the end of an utterance, or sometimes in isolation, and produce them with more emphatic stress ( Aslin et al., 1996). For example, IDS and CDS have shorter and less complex sentences ( Snow, 1972) with fewer false starts and hesitations. In infant- and child-directed speech (IDS and CDS), adults are known to adjust their speech in various ways. We argue that vocalic intrusions in child-directed speech may have both a bonding as well as a didactic function, and that these may vary according to the age of the child being addressed. Secondly, we found that the duration of vocalic intrusions was longer in child- than in adult-directed speech, but only when directed to 2 6-year-olds. Firstly, a difference emerged for one particular phonetic context: While vocalic intrusions in /Cr/ clusters are frequent in adult-directed speech, their presence is near-categorical in child-directed speech. However, closer examination revealed differential behaviour in child-directed speech for certain conditions. When viewed overall, vocalic intrusion was found to be similar in incidence in child- and adult-directed speech. We analysed child-directed speech from nine Norwegian-speaking mothers to their children, aged 2 6, 4, and 6 years, and compared the incidence and duration of vocalic intrusions in initial consonant clusters in these data with those in adult-directed speech and child speech. We focus on vocalic intrusions, commonly occurring in Norwegian word initial consonant clusters. In this paper, we investigate a prosodic-phonetic feature in child-directed speech within a dynamic, complex, interactive theoretical framework. 6Faculty of Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.5Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages and Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.4Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.3Department of Humanities, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway. ![]() 2MultiLing – Center for Multilingualism in Society Across the Lifespan, Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.1Department of Early Childhood Education, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.Nina Gram Garmann 1,2*†, Pernille Hansen 2,3†, Hanne Gram Simonsen 2†, Elisabeth Holm 1, Eirik Tengesdal 4, Brechtje Post 5 and Elinor Payne 6 ![]()
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